Game-based brain training for improving cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review and meta-regression

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Given that increasing aging is associated with a natural decline in cognitive function, identifying effective interventions that can help to prevent cognitive decline in older adults is a research priority.

OBJECTIVE: To synthesize the best evidence to assess the effectiveness of game-based brain training in improving cognitive function and to evaluate the preferred design features of the intervention.

METHODS: Twelve databases, trial registries, and gray literature resources were systematically searched for in randomized controlled trials. Meta-analysis and random-effects meta-regression were conducted using Comprehensive Meta-analysis Software 3.0. Overall effect was measured using Hedges's g and determined using Z-statistics. Cochran's Q test and I2 were used to investigate heterogeneity. The Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system was used to assess overall quality of evidence.

RESULTS: Fifteen trials among 759 older adults were conducted. Meta-analysis revealed that game-based brain training significantly improved processing speed (g?=?0.23), selective attention (g?=?0.40), and short-term memory (g?=?0.35) versus a control group. Our subgroup analyses emphasized that non-time pressure games, multiplayer, computer platform, provider support, sessions = 3 times per week for = 60?min. each comprised a preferable design. Meta-regression identified game design (ß?=?0.211, p?=?0.008) that had statistically significant effects on processing speed. Egger's regression asymmetry test (p?=?0.293) suggested no publication bias.

CONCLUSIONS: Game-based brain training can be considered a supplementary intervention for improving cognitive functions in community-dwelling older adults. Future trials should use well-designed trials with large sample sizes.